Electronics and ionics for energy devices

He conducts researches on several aspects of materials and interfaces for energy conversion and storage. Mechanisms at the Nanoscale have fostered cutting age investigations in a wide variety of electrical devices. Organic and molecular functional semiconductors used in thin film transistors, photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes exhibit a high degree of charge localization confining relevant operating processes as transport and recombination within the Nanoscale. Interfaces and interlayers of nanometer size at device contacts play a central role in establishing contact energy level alignment and charge transfer injection and extraction in optoelectronic devices and sensors. Nanosize-related phenomena in energy storage materials are a key issue orienting current research in higher capacity and cycling performance of batteries. Also hybrid perovskite materials have appeared recently as highly potential light absorbers with interesting physical properties. This research program focuses on understanding connections between structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects, and electrical behavior and new functionalities of novel materials and interfaces. We are particularly interested in the nano-effects incorporated into complete electrical devices for optoelectronics, photovoltaics, energy storage, and sensoring. Particularly relevant for our research is parameter extraction and mechanism identification inferred from impedance spectroscopy analysis.

Short Biography of Prof. Garcia-Belmonte

Germà Garcia-Belmonte (1964) received his Ph.D. degree at UNED, 1996. He worked (1988-1992) at CIEMAT, Madrid, on experimental and theoretical research in the area of digital processing of nuclear signal. He joined the Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, in 1992 and currently works as a Full Professor of Applied Physics (2010) at the Institute of Advanced Materials. He published 188 papers in research journals, and has 10.000 citations and h-index 50 (WOS). He studied intercalation processes in oxides and polymer films by impedance methods. He follows researches in various areas within the field of Organic Electronics and photovoltaics as electronic mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and plastic and thin-film solar cells. He is currently conducting researches in the topic of perovskite-based solar cells. Also of interest is the electrochemical kinetics of electrodes for batteries. Device physics using impedance spectroscopy (including modeling and measuring) is his main subject.

Publications

2023

  1. Physica Scripta, 2023, 98, 085525.
    Alvarez, A.O.; Riquelme, A.J.; Fuentes-Pineda, R.; Mas-Marzá, E.; Marsal, L.F.; Almora, O.; Anta, J.A.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.         Correcting unintended changes in electroluminescence perturbation for reliable light intensity modulated spectroscopies.
    Article page: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ace4fc
  2. ACS Physical Chemistry Au, 2023, 3, 386-393.
    Alvarez, A.O.; Lédée, F.; García-Batlle, M.; Lopez-Varo, P.; Gros-Daillon, E.; Guillén, J.Mayén; Verilhac, J.M.; Lemercier, T.; Zaccaro, J.; Marsal, L.F.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Almora, O.         Ionic Field Screening in MAPbBr3 Crystals Revealed from Remnant Sensitivity in X-ray Detection.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00002

2022

  1. physica status solidi (RRL) , 2022, 16, 2200336.
    Almora, O.; Miravet, D.; Gelmetti, I.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Long-term Field Screening by Mobile Ions in Thick Metal Halide Perovskites: Understanding Saturation Currents.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pssr.202200336
  2. Advanced Photonics Research, 2022, 3, 2200136.
    García-Batlle, M.; Deumel, S.; Huerdler, J.E.; Tedde, S.F.; Almora, O.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Effective Ion Mobility and Long-Term Dark Current of Metal Halide Perovskites with Different Crystallinities and Compositions.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adpr.202200136
  3. Solar RRL, 2022, 6, 2200173.
    García-Batlle, M.; Zia, W.; Aranda, C.; Saliba, M.; Almora, O.; Guerrero, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Observation of Long-Term Stable Response in MAPbBr3 Single Crystals Monitored through Displacement Currents under Varying Illumination.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/solr.202200173
  4. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2022, 13, 3824−3830.
    Almora, O.; Matt, G.J.; These, A.; Kanak, A.; Levchuk, I.; Shrestha, S.; Osvet, A.; Brabec, C.J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Surface versus Bulk Currents and Ionic Space-Charge Effects in CsPbBr3 Single Crystals.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00804?ref=PDF
  5. ACS Energy Letters, 2022, 7, 946−951.
    García-Batlle, M.; Guillén, J.Mayén; Chapran, M.; Baussens, O.; Zaccaro, J.; Verilhac, J.M.; Gros-Daillon, E.; Guerrero, A.; Almora, O.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Coupling between Ion Drift and Kinetics of Electronic Current Transients in MAPbBr3 Single Crystals.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02578

2021

  1. Applied Physics Letters, 2021, 119, 242107-1-6.
    Almora, O.; Miravet, D.; García-Batlle, M.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Ballistic-like space-charge-limited currents in halide perovskites at room temperature.
    Article page: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0076239
  2. Chemical Reviews, 2021, 121, 14430–14484.
    Guerrero, A.; Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Impedance Spectroscopy of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells from the Perspective of Equivalent Circuits.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00214
  3. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2021, 2102526.
    Almora, O.; Baran, D.; Bazan, G.C.; Berger, C.; Cabrera, C.I.; Catchpole, K.R.; Erten-Ela, S.; Guo, F.; Hauch, J.; Ho-Baillie, A.W.Y.; Jacobsson, J.; Janssen, R.A.J.; Kirchartz, T.; Kopidakis, N.; Li, Y.; Loi, M.A.; Lunt, R.R.; Mathew, X.; McGehee, M.D.; Min, J.; Mitzi, D.B.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Nelson, J.; Nogueira, A.F.; Paetzold, U.W.; Park, N.G.; Rand, B.P.; Rau, U.; Snaith, H.J.; Unger, E.; Vaillant-Roca, L.; Yip, H.L.; Brabec, C.J.         Device Performance of Emerging Photovoltaic Materials (Version 2).
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202102526
  4. Nature Electronics, 2021, 4, 681–688.
    Deumel, S.; van Breemen, A.; Gelinck, G.; Peeters, B.; Maas, J.; Verbeek, R.; Shanmugam, S.; Akkerman, H.; Meulenkamp, E.; Huerdler, J.E.; Acharya, M.; García-Batlle, M.; Almora, O.; Guerrero, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Heiss, W.; Schmidt, O.; Tedde, S.F.         High-sensitivity high-resolution X-ray imaging with soft-sintered metal halide perovskites.
    Article page: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-021-00644-3
  5. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021,
    Gharibzadeh, S.; Fassl, P.; Hossain, I.; Rohrbeck, P.N.; Frericks, M.; Schmidt, M.; Duong, T.; Khan, M.Rahman; Abzieher, T.; Nejand, B.Abdollahi; Schackmar, F.; Almora, O.; Feeney, T.; Singh, R.; Fuchs, D.; Lemmer, U.; Hofmann, J.Philipp; Weber, S.; Paetzold, U.W.         Two Birds with One Stone: Dual Grain-Boundary and Interface Passivation Enables > 22% Efficient Inverted Methylammonium-Free Perovskite Solar Cells.
    Article page: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/ee/d1ee01508g
  6. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2021, 13, 35617–35624.
    García-Batlle, M.; Deumel, S.; Huerdler, J.E.; Tedde, S.F.; Guerrero, A.; Almora, O.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Mobile Ion-Driven Modulation of Electronic Conductivity Explains Long-Timescale Electrical Response in Lead Iodide Perovskite Thick Pellets.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.1c06046
  7. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2021, 11, 2100022.
    Almora, O.; Cabrera, C.I.; Garcia-Cerrillo, J.; Kirchartz, T.; Rau, U.; Brabec, C.J.         Quantifying the Absorption Onset in the Quantum Efficiency of Emerging Photovoltaic Devices.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202100022
  8. Solar RRL, 2021, 5, 2100024.
    Almora, O.; Wiegand, J.; Lopez-Varo, P.; Matt, G.J.; Brabec, C.J.         Degradation through Directional Self-Doping and Homogeneous Density of Recombination Centers Hindered by 1,8-Diiodooctane Additive in Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/solr.202100024
  9. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2021, 7, 2001165.
    These, A.; Khansur, N.H.; Almora, O.; Luer, L.; Matt, G.J.; Eckstein, U.; Barabash, A.; Osvet, A.; Webber, K.G.; Brabec, C.J.         Characterization of Aerosol Deposited Cesium Lead Tribromide Perovskite Films on Interdigited ITO Electrodes.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aelm.202001165

2020

  1. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2020, 6, 2000485.
    García-Batlle, M.; Baussens, O.; Amari, S.; Zaccaro, J.; Gros‐Daillon, E.; Verilhac, J.‐M.; Guerrero, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Moving Ions Vary Electronic Conductivity in Lead Bromide Perovskite Single Crystals through Dynamic Doping.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aelm.202000485
  2. Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, 128, 075104.
    Almora, O.; González-Lezcano, A.; Guerrero, A.; Brabec, C.J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Ion-mediated hopping electrode polarization model for impedance spectra of CH3NH3PbI3.
    Article page: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020554
  3. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020, 124, 15793–15799.
    Ravishankar, S.; García-Batlle, M.; Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Odrobina, J.; Schiller, C.A.         Removing Instability-Caused Low-Frequency Features in Small Perturbation Spectra of Perovskite Solar Cells.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04050
  4. Nano Energy, 2020, 75, 104982.
    Almora, O.; Zhao, Y.; Du, X.; Heumueller, T.; Matt, G.J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Brabec, C.J.         Light intensity modulated impedance spectroscopy (LIMIS) in all-solid-state solar cells at open-circuit.
    Article page: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211285520305590?via%3Dihub
  5. Applied Physics Letters, 2020, 116, 183503 .
    Caram, J.; García-Batlle, M.; Almora, O.; Arce, R.D.; Guerrero, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Direct observation of surface polarization at hybrid perovskite/Au interfaces by dark transient experiments.
    Article page: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0006409
  6. Applied Physics Letters, 2020, 116, 013901.
    Almora, O.; Miravet, D.; Matt, G.J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Brabec, C.J.         Analytical model for light modulating impedance spectroscopy (LIMIS) in all-solid-state p-n junction solar cells at open-circuit.
    Article page: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.5139571

2019

  1. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123, 41, 24995-25014.
    Ravishankar, S.; Riquelme, A.; Sarkar, S.S.; García-Batlle, M.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.         Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) and its Application to Perovskite Solar Cells.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b07434
  2. Thin Solid Films, 2019, 690, 137567.
    Mhamdi, A.; Vicente, N.; Bouazizi, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Partial coverage methylammonium lead bromide films for solar cell application.
    Article page: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609019305954?via%3Dihub#!
  3. Solar Energy, 2019, 189, 103-110.
    Almora, O.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Light capacitances in silicon and perovskite solar cells.
    Article page: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X19307108?via%3Dihub
  4. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10, 3661−3669.
    Almora, O.; García-Batlle, M.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Utilization of Temperature-Sweeping Capacitive Techniques to Evaluate Band-Gap Defect Densities in Photovoltaic Perovskites.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00601
  5. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29, 1900881.
    Pospisil, J.; Guerrero, A.; Zmeskal, O.; Weiter, M.; Gallardo, J.Jesús; Navas, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Reversible Formation of Gold Halides in Single‐Crystal Hybrid‐Perovskite/Au Interface upon Biasing and Effect on Electronic Carrier Injection.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201900881
  6. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2019, 1192, 1-6.
    Mhamdi, A.; Mehdi, H.; Bouazizi, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         One-step methylammonium lead bromide films: Effect of annealing treatment.
    Article page: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022286019305241?via%3Dihub
  7. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2019, 195, 291-298.
    Almora, O.; Lopez-Varo, P.; Cho, K.Taek; Aghazada, S.; Meng, W.; Hou, Y.; Echeverría-Arrondo, C.; Zimmermann, I.; Matt, G.J.; Jiménez-Tejada, J.Antonio; Brabec, C.J.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Ionic dipolar switching hinders charge collection in perovskite solar cells with normal and inverted hysteresis.
    Article page: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024819301102?via%3Dihub
  8. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123, 6444-6449.
    Ravishankar, S.; Aranda, C.; Sanchez, S.; Bisquert, J.; Saliba, M.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Perovskite Solar Cell Modeling Using Light- and Voltage-Modulated Techniques.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01187
  9. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123, 2011-2018.
    García-Fernández, A.; Moradi, Z.; Bermúdez-García, J.Manuel; Sánchez-Andújar, M.; Gimeno, V.A.; Castro-García, S.; Señarís-Rodríguez, M.Antonia; Mas-Marzá, E.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.         Effect of Environmental Humidity on the Electrical Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b03915
  10. ChemElectroChem, 2019, 6, 456–460.
    Vicente, N.; Bresser, D.; Passerini, S.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Probing the 3‐step Lithium Storage Mechanism in CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Electrode by Operando‐XRD Analysis.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/celc.201801291

2018

  1. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3, 1477−1481.
    Peng, W.; Aranda, C.; Bakr, O.M.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.; Guerrero, A.         Quantification of Ionic Diffusion in Lead Halide Perovskite Single Crystals.
    Article page: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00641
  2. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9, 3099-3104.
    Ravishankar, S.; Aranda, C.; Boix, P.P.; Anta, J.A.; Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Effects of Frequency Dependence of the External Quantum Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells.
    Article page: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01245
  3. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8, 1703376.
    Guerrero, A.; Bou, A.; Matt, G.J.; Almora, O.; Heumüller, T.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.; Hou, Y.; Brabec, C.J.         Switching off hysteresis in perovskite solar cells by fine-tuning energy levels of extraction layers.
    Article page: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aenm.201703376
  4. Nano Energy, 2018, 48, 63-72.
    Almora, O.; Cho, K.Taek; Aghazada, S.; Zimmermann, I.; Matt, G.J.; Brabec, C.J.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Discerning recombination mechanisms and ideality factors through impedance analysis of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.
    Article page: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285518301836
  5. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 10.1002/aenm.201702772.
    Lopez-Varo, P.; Jiménez-Tejada, J.Antonio; Garcia-Rosell, M.; Ravishankar, S.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.; Almora, O.         Device Physics of Hybrid Perovskite Solar cells: Theory and Experiment.
    Article page: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201702772/full
  6. Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11, 952-959.
    Cho, K.Taek; Grancini, G.; Lee, Y.; Oveisi, E.; Ryu, J.; Almora, O.; Tschumi, M.; Schouwink, P.; Seo, G.; Heo, S.; Park, J.; Jang, J.; Paek, S.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.         Selective growth of layered perovskite for stable and efficient photovoltaics.
    Article page: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ee/c7ee03513f#!divAbstract
  7. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2018, 122, 13450-13454.
    Almora, O.; Aranda, C.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Do Capacitance Measurements Reveal Light-Induced Bulk Dielectric Changes in Photovoltaic Perovskites?.
    Article page: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11703
  8. Chemical Communications, 2018, 54, 1025.
    Vicente, N.; Haro, M.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         New approaches to the lithiation kinetics in reaction-limited battery electrodes through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
    Article page: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/CC/C7CC08373D#!divAbstract

2017

  1. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8, 6073-6079.
    Zarazua, I.; Sidhik, S.; Lopez-Luke, T.; Esparza, D.; De La Rosa, E.; Reyes-Gomez, J.; Mora-Seró, I.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Operating Mechanisms of Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells Through Impedance Spectroscopy and J-V Modeling.
    Article page: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02848
  2. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 111, 163504.
    Kovalenko, A.; Pospisil, J.; Krajcovic, J.; Weiter, M.; Guerrero, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Interface inductive currents and carrier injection in hybrid perovskite single crystals.
    Article page: http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4990788
  3. Revista Cubana de Física, 2017, 34, 58-68.
    Almora, O.; Vaillant-Roca, L.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Perovskite Solar Cells: A brief Introduction and some Remarks.
    Article page: http://revistacubanadefisica.org/index.php/rcf/article/view/RCF_34-1_58
  4. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 1700623.
    Fakharuddin, A.; Schmidt-Mende, L.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Jose, R.; Mora-Seró, I.         Interfaces in Perovskite Solar Cells.
    Article page: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201700623/full
  5. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 00710.
    Vicente, N.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Organohalide Perovskites are Fast Ionic Conductors.
    Article page: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700710
  6. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2017, 168, 221-226.
    Almora, O.; Gerling, L.G.; Voz, C.; Alcubilla, R.; Puigdollers, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Superior performance of V2O5 as hole selective contact over other transition metal oxides in silicon heterojunction solar cells.
    Article page: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024817302118
  7. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8, 1371-1374.
    Vicente, N.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Methylammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite Battery Anodes Reversibly Host High Li-Ion Concentrations.
    Article page: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00189
  8. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8, 915-921.
    Ravishankar, S.; Almora, O.; Echeverría-Arrondo, C.; Ghahremanirad, E.; Aranda, C.; Guerrero, A.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.; Zaban, A.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.         Surface Polarization Model for the Dynamic Hysteresis of Perovskite Solar Cells.
    Article page: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00045

2016

  1. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2016, 7, 4622-4628.
    Vallés-Pelarda, M.; Clasen, B.; García-Benito, I.; Almora, O.; Molina-Ontoria, A.; Sánchez, R.S.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Martín, N.; Mora-Seró, I.         Analysis of the Hysteresis Behavior of Perovskite Solar Cells with Interfacial Fullerene Self-Assembled Monolayers.
    Article page: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02103
  2. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2016, 7, 5105-5113.
    Zarazua, I.; Han, G.; Boix, P.P.; Mhaisalkar, S.G.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.; Mora-Seró, I.; Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.         Surface Recombination and Collection Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells from Impedance Analysis.
    Article page: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02193
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